Prague Med. Rep. 2020, 121, 65-86
https://doi.org/10.14712/23362936.2020.6
Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Severity Assessment of Acute Pancreatitis
References
1. , B. J., Boreham, B., Lewis, P., Roberts, S. A. (2003) The biochemical detection of biliary etiology of acute pancreatitis on admission: a revisit in the modern era of biliary imaging. Pancreas 26, e32–e35.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/00006676-200303000-00023>
2. , A., Jaleel, F., Rashid, K. (2019) Accuracy of BISAP score in prediction of severe acute pancreatitis. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 35, 1008–1012.
<https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.4.1286>
3. , S. (2004) Diagnosis and management of acute pancreatitis. Crit. Care Resusc. 6, 17–27.
4. , E. J., Ranson, J. H., Naidich, D. P., Megibow, A. J., Caccavale, R., Cooper, M. M. (1985) Acute pancreatitis: prognostic value of CT. Radiology 156, 767–772.
<https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.156.3.4023241>
5. , E., Robinson, D., Megibow, A., Ranson, J. H. (1990) Acute pancreatitis: Value of CT in establishing prognosis. Radiology 174, 331–336.
<https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.174.2.2296641>
6. , P. A., Freeman, M. L.; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology (2006) Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101, 2379–2400.
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00856.x>
7. , P. A., Bollen, T. L., Dervenis, C., Gooszen, H. G., Johnson, C. D., Sarr, M. G., Tsiotos, G. G., Vege, S. S.; Acute Pancreatitis Classification Working Group (2013) Classification of acute pancreatitis—2012: Revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut 62, 102–111.
<https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302779>
8. , H. G., Rau, B. M. (2007) Severe acute pancreatitis: clinical course and management. World J. Gastroenterol. 13, 5043–5051.
<https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v13.i38.5043>
9. , S. L., Imrie, C. W., O’Neill, J., Gilmour, W. H., Carter, D. C. (1984) Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis. Gut 5, 1340–1346.
<https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.25.12.1340>
10. , T. L. (2012) Imaging of acute pancreatitis: update of the revised Atlanta classification. Radiol. Clin. North Am. 50, 429–445.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2012.03.015>
11. , T. L., Singh, V. K., Maurer, R., Repas, K., van Es, H. W., Banks, P. A., Mortele, K. J. (2012) A comparative evaluation of radiologic and clinical scoring systems in the early prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107, 612–619.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.438>
12. , T. A., Franzon, O., Mello, A. L. P. (2017) Analysis of new inflammatory markers in acute pancreatitis and confection of new prognostic definition model: Panc 4. EC Gastroenterol. Dig. Syst. 2, 240–246.
13. , E. L. 3rd (1993) A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis. Summary of the International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, Ga, September 11 through 13, 1992. Arch. Surg. 128, 586–590.
<https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1993.01420170122019>
14. , A., James-Stevenson, T., Dyson, T., Grunkenmeier, D. (2007) The panc 3 score: A rapid and accurate test for predicting severity on presentation in acute pancreatitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 41, 855–858.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mcg.0000248005.73075.e4>
15. , G. A., Barkin, J. S. (1993) Acute pancreatitis. Med. Clin. North Am. 77, 1037–1056.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-7125(16)30209-7>
16. , M. S. (2008) Acute pancreatitis: Etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapy. Med. Clin. North Am. 92, 889–923.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2008.04.013>
17. , L., Lu, G., Zhou, Q., Zhan, Q. (2013) Evaluation of the BISAP score in predicting severity and prognoses of acute pancreatitis in Chinese patients. Int. Surg. 98, 6–12.
<https://doi.org/10.9738/0020-8868-98.1.6>
18. , J. H., Kim, T. N., Chung, H. H., Kim, K. H. (2015) Comparison of scoring systems in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis. World J. Gastroenterol. 21, 2387–2394.
<https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i8.2387>
19. , P. A., Robert, J., Meyer, P., Borst, F., Hauser, H., Herrmann, F., Dunand, V., Rohner, A. (1989) Acute pancreatitis and normoamylasemia. Not an uncommon combination. Ann. Surg. 210, 614–620.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-198911000-00008>
20. , E. P., Forsmark, C. E., Layer, P., Lévy, P., Maraví-Poma, E., Petrov, M. S., Shimosegawa, T., Siriwardena, A. K., Uomo, G., Whitcomb, D. C., Windsor, J. A.; Pancreatitis Across Nations Clinical Research and Education Alliance (2012) Determinant-based classification of acute pancreatitis severity: an international multidisciplinary consultation. Ann. Surg. 256, 875–880.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e318256f778>
21. , G., Marie, F., Chatel, P., Luton, D., Hammel, P. (2014) Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy: a review. J. Perinatol. 34, 87–94.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2013.161>
22. , J. M., Gardner, T. B. (2012) The “golden hours” of management in acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107, 1146–1150.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.91>
23. , C. E., Baillie, J. (2007) AGA Institute technical review on acute pancreatitis. Rev. Gastroenterol. Mex. 72, 257–285.
24. , V. V. (1994) Diagnostic tests for acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterologist 2, 119–130.
25. , W., Yang, H. X., Ma, C. E. (2015) The value of BISAP score for predicting mortality and severity in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 10, e0130412.
<https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130412>
26. , T., Olenec, C., Chertoff, J., Mackenzie, T. A., Robertson, D. J. (2006) Hemoconcentration and pancreatic necrosis: further defining the relationship. Pancreas 33, 169–173.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mpa.0000226885.32957.17>
27. , J. A., Hsu, J., Bawazeer, M., Marshall, J., Friedrich, J. O., Nathens, A., Coburn, N., May, G. R., Pearsall, E., McLeod, R. S. (2016) Clinical practice guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Can. J. Surg. 59, 128–140.
<https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.015015>
28. , S., Kumar, N. (2018) Evaluation of the BISAP scoring system in prognostication of acute pancreatitis – A prospective observational study. Int. J. Surg. 54, 76–81.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.04.026>
29. , T., Yasunaga, H., Nakai, Y., Isayama, H., Horiguchi, H., Fushimi, K., Koike, K. (2013) Japanese severity score for acute pancreatitis well predicts in-hospital mortality: a nationwide survey of 17,901 cases. J. Gastroenterol. 48, 1384–1391.
<https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-013-0765-6>
30. , T., Horibe, M., Sanui, M., Sasaki, M., Kuwagata, Y., Nishi, K., Kariya, S., Sawano, H., Goto, T., Hamada, T., Oda, T., Yasuda, H., Ogura, Y., Miyazaki, D., Hirose, K., Kitamura, K., Chiba, N., Ozaki, T., Yamashita, T., Koinuma, T., Oshima, T., Yamamoto, T., Hirota, M., Yamamoto, S., Oe, K., Ito, T., Iwasaki, E., Kanai, T., Okazaki, K., Mayumi, T. (2017) Validation of the efficacy of the prognostic factor score in the Japanese severity criteria for severe acute pancreatitis: A large multicenter study. United European Gastroenterol. J. 5, 389–397.
<https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640616670566>
31. , C. W. (2003) Prognostic indicators in acute pancreatitis. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 17, 325–328.
<https://doi.org/10.1155/2003/250815>
32. , C. D., Besselink, M. G., Carter, R. (2014) Acute pancreatitis. BMJ 349, g4859.
<https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4859>
33. , D., Gopal, P. B., Ravula, M. (2010) Scoring systems in acute pancreatitis: Which one to use in intensive care units? J. Crit. Care 25, 358.e9–358.e15.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.12.010>
34. , E., Unalp, H. R., Derici, H., Tansug, T., Onal, M. A. (2007) Early diagnosis and prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis using the urine trypsinogen-2 dipstick test: a prospective study. World J. Gastroenterol. 13, 6208–6212.
<https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v13.i46.6208>
35. , D. J. (2010) ERCP in acute biliary pancreatitis. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2, 25–28.
<https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v2.i1.25>
36. , M. R., Dubey, A. P., Jain, R., Pathak, A. (2017) Prospective evaluation of the BISAP score and its correlation with Marshall score in predicting severity of organ failure in acute pancreatitis. Int. J. Adv. Med. 4, 534–539.
37. , V., Teich, N., Fiedler, F., Hartig, W., Thiele, G., Mössner, J. (1998) A comparison of lipase and amylase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in patients with abdominal pain. Pancreas 16, 45–49.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/00006676-199801000-00008>
38. , E. A., Hedstrom, J., Puolakkainen, P., Sainio, V. S., Haapiainen, R. K., Perhoniemi, V., Osman, S., Kivilaakso, E. O., Stenman, U. H. (1997) Rapid measurement of urinary trypsinogen-2 as a screening test for acute pancreatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 336, 1788–1793.
<https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199706193362504>
39. , B. C., Chinogureyi, A., Shaw, A. S. (2010) Imaging acute pancreatitis. Br. J. Radiol. 83, 104–112.
<https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/13359269>
40. , A., Stevens, T., Papachristou, G. I., Muddana, V., Bhatt, A., Lee, P. J., Holmes, J., Lopez, R., Whitcomb, D. C., Parsi, M. A. (2015) A model to predict the severity of acute pancreatitis based on serum level of amylase and body mass index. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 1496–1501.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2015.03.018>
41. , M. L., Kemppainen, E., Puolakkainen, P., Hedström, J., Haapiainen, R., Korvuo, A., Stenman, U. H. (2002) Comparison of urine trypsinogen-2 test strip with serum lipase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Hepatogastroenterology 49, 1130–1134.
42. , P. G., Blum, T., Bruns, A., Dröge, M., Brinkmann, G., Struckmann, K., Nauck, M., Maisonneuve, P., Lowenfels, A. B. (2001) Has blood glucose level measured on admission to hospital in a patient with acute pancreatitis any prognostic value? Pancreatology 1, 224–229.
<https://doi.org/10.1159/000055815>
43. , P. G., Weber-Dany, B., Hebel, K., Maisonneuve, P., Lowenfels, A. B. (2009) The harmless acute pancreatitis score: A clinical algorithm for rapid initial stratification of nonsevere disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 702–705.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2009.02.020>
44. , M., McMahon, M. J. (1989) APACHE-II score for assessment and monitoring of acute pancreatitis. Lancet 2, 201–205.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90381-4>
45. , T. B., Chin, A. C., Radhakrishnan, J. (2011) Acute pancreatitis in children: Spectrum of disease and predictors of severity. J. Pediatr. Surg. 46, 1144–1149.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.03.044>
46. , A., Tolonen, M., Tarasconi, A., Segovia-Lohse, H., Gamberini, E., Kirkpatrick, A. W., Ball, C. G., Parry, N., Sartelli, M., Wolbrink, D., van Goor, H., Baiocchi, G., Ansaloni, L., Biffl, W., Coccolini, F., Saverio, S. D., Kluger, Y., Moore, E., Catena, F. (2019) 2019 WSES guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis. World J. Emerg. Surg. 14, 27.
<https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-019-0247-0>
47. , M., Rydzewski, A., Rydzewska, G. (2013) Early changes in serum creatinine level and estimated glomerular filtration rate predict pancreatic necrosis and mortality in acute pancreatitis: Creatinine and eGFR in acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 13, 207–211.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2013.02.002>
48. , G., Valentino, M., Cervellin, G. (2012) Laboratory diagnosis of acute pancreatitis: In search of the Holy Grail. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 49, 18–31.
<https://doi.org/10.3109/10408363.2012.658354>
49. , J. C., Cook, D. J., Christou, N. V., Bernard, G. R., Sprung, C. L., Sibbald, W. J. (1995) Multiple organ dysfunction score: A reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit. Care Med. 23, 1638–1652.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199510000-00007>
50. , W. R., Pereira, S. P., O’Donohue, J. W. (2006) Biochemical markers of acute pancreatitis. J. Clin. Pathol. 59, 340–344.
<https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2002.002923>
51. , A. D., McMahon, M. J., Corfield, A. P., Cooper, M. J., Williamson, R. C., Dickson, A. P., Shearer, M. G., Imrie, C. W. (1985) Controlled clinical trial of peritoneal lavage for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 312, 399–404.
<https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198502143120703>
52. , W. B., Jordan, P. H. (1975) Obstructive jaundice in patients with pancreatitis without associated biliary tract disease. Ann. Surg. 182, 116–120.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-197508000-00005>
53. , S., Mishra, T. S., Sasmal, P. K., Rath, S., Sharma, R., Rout, B., Sahu, M. K. (2015) Role of biomarkers in diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of acute pancreatitis. J. Biomark. 2015, 519534.
54. , M. A., Feldberg, M. A., Oliphant, M. (1989) Grey Turner’s sign and Cullen’s sign in acute pancreatitis. Gastrointest. Radiol. 14, 31–37.
<https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01889150>
55. , F., Cikes, M. (2005) Images in clinical medicine. Cullen’s and Turner’s signs. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 1386.
<https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMicm040796>
56. , K. J., Wiesner, W., Intriere, L., Shankar, S., Zou, K. H., Kalantari, B. N., Perez, A., vanSonnenberg, E., Ros, P. R., Banks, P. A., Silverman, S. G. (2004) A modified CT severity index for evaluating acute pancreatitis: improved correlation with patient outcome. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 183, 1261–1265.
<https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.183.5.1831261>
57. , R., Langmead, C. J., Wu, B. U., Evans, A. C., Bishehsari, F., Muddana, V., Singh, V. K., Slivka, A., Whitcomb, D. C., Yadav, D., Banks, P. A., Papachristou, G. I. (2012) Comparison of existing clinical scoring systems to predict persistent organ failure in patients with acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 142, 1476–1482.
<https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.03.005>
58. , V., Whitcomb, D. C., Khalid, A., Slivka, A., Papachristou, G. I. (2009) Elevated serum creatinine as a marker of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104, 164–170.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2008.66>
59. , D., Bhakta, S., Lahiry, S., Sinha, R. (2017) Demographic profile of acute pancreatitis in Eastern India: a single centre experience. Asian J. Med. Sci. 8, 24–29.
<https://doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v8i6.18282>
60. , N., Mokta, J., Sharma, B., Sharma, R., Jhobta, A., Bodh, V., Ranjan, A. (2018) Clinical profile and outcome of acute pancreatitis: A hospital-based prospective observational study in Subhimalayan state. J. Assoc. Physicians India 66, 22–24.
61. NICE (2016) Pancreatitis: Diagnosis and Management. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London.
62. , H. J., Hamilton, I., Ellis, W. R., Watters, J., Lintott, D. J., Axon, A. T. (1986) Ultrasound detection of choledocholithiasis: Prospective comparison with ERCP in the postcholecystectomy patient. Gastrointest. Radiol. 11, 161–164.
<https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02035060>
63. , M., Takeda, K., Matsuno, S., Kihara, Y., Koizumi, M., Hirota, M., Ito, T., Kataoka, K., Kitagawa, M., Inui, K., Takeyama, Y. (2013) Criteria for the diagnosis and severity stratification of acute pancreatitis. World J. Gastroenterol. 19, 5798–5805.
<https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i35.5798>
64. , G. I., Muddana, V., Yadav, D., O’Connell, M., Sanders, M. K., Slivka, A., Whitcomb, D. C. (2010) Comparison of BISAP, Ranson’s, APACHE-II, and CTSI scores in predicting organ failure, complications, and mortality in acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105, 435–441.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.622>
65. , Beulah, P. (2019) Comparative study between BISAP score and RANSON score in predicting severity of acute pancreatitis. IAIM 6, 62–66.
66. , U., Appelros, S., Borgstrom, A. (1999) Different patterns in immunoreactive anionic and cationic trypsinogen in urine and serum in acute pancreatitis. Int. J. Pancreatol. 25, 165–170.
67. , V., Steiner, J. M., Algül, H. (2014) Early phase of acute pancreatitis: assessment and management. World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol. 5, 158–168.
<https://doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v5.i3.158>
68. , C., Strocchi, A., Levitt, M. D. (1990) Where does serum amylase come from and where does it go? Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 19, 793–810.
69. , B., Cao, F., Liu, J., Liu, D., Li, A., Liang, K., Li, F. (2017) Determinant-based classification and revised Atlanta classification: Differences between in categorization of moderate acute pancreatitis. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 10, 12532–12538.
70. , S. G., Martin, I. G. (2006) Admission serum glucose level: An accurate predictor of outcome in gallstone pancreatitis. Pancreas 33, 27–30.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mpa.0000222315.36490.9b>
71. , J. H. (1982) Etiological and prognostic factors in human acute pancreatitis: a review. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 7, 633–638.
72. , J. H. (1985) Risk factors in acute pancreatitis. Hosp. Pract. (Off. Ed.) 20, 69–73.
<https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1985.11703034>
73. , B., Steinbach, G., Gansauge, F., Mayer, J. M., Grünert, A., Beger, H. G. (1997) The potential role of procalcitonin and interleukin 8 in the prediction of infected necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Gut 41, 832–840.
<https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.41.6.832>
74. , B. M., Kruger, C. M., Schilling, M. K. (2005) Anti-cytokine strategies in acute pancreatitis: Pathophysiological insights and clinical implications. Rocz. Akad. Med. Białymst. 50, 106–115.
75. , B., Abbey, P., Anand, R., Kumar, A., Tomer, S., Malik, E. (2017) Severity assessment of acute pancreatitis using CT severity index and modified CT severity index: Correlation with clinical outcomes and severity grading as per the revised Atlanta classification. Indian J. Radiol. Imaging. 27, 152–160.
76. , M. G. (2013) 2012 revision of the Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis. Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn. 123, 118–124.
77. , A. V., Cete, Y., Yiğit, Ö., Aydın, A. G., Sayrac, N. (2018) Utility of HAPS for predicting prognosis in acute pancreatitis. Ulus. Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 24, 327–332.
78. , A. M., Eddi, R., Kothari, S. T., Maksoud, C., DiGiacomo, W. S., Baddoura, W. (2010) Acute pancreatitis with normal serum lipase: a case series. JOP 11, 369–372.
79. , A. S., Gupta, A. K., Ded, K. S. (2017) Assessment of PANC3 score in predicting severity of acute pancreatitis. Niger. J. Surg. 23, 53–57.
<https://doi.org/10.4103/1117-6806.199964>
80. , S., Salim, M., Gothwal, S. R. (2017) A study on acute pancreatitis – Incidence, prevalence, morbidity and mortality, in Western Rajasthan. IJBAMR 6, 545–548.
81. , E. J., Traverso, L. W., Nukui, Y., Kozarek, R. A. (2000) Computed tomography severity index is a predictor of outcomes for severe pancreatitis. Am. J. Surg. 179, 352–355.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(00)00375-5>
82. , R. C., Southwell-Keely, J., Chesher, D. (2005) Should serum pancreatic lipase replace serum amylase as a biomarker of acute pancreatitis? ANZ J. Surg. 75, 399–404.
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03391.x>
83. , J., Tenner, S. (2002) Clinical reviews: Pancreatic and biliary disease: Laboratory diagnostic tests in acute pancreatitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 34, 459–462.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200204000-00018>
84. , A. D., Moran, N. R., Kelly, M. E., Ridgway, P. F., Conlon, K. C. (2017) The predictive value of C-reactive protein (CRP) in acute pancreatitis – Is interval change in CRP an additional indicator of severity? HPB (Oxford) 19, 874–880.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2017.06.001>
85. , V. S., Chari, S. T., Clain, J. E. (2004) Acute severe pancreatitis. JAMA 291, 2865–2868.
<https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.23.2865>
86. , K., Yokoe, M., Takada, T., Kataoka, K., Yoshida, M., Gabata, T., Hirota, M., Mayumi, T., Kadoya, M., Yamanouchi, E., Hattori, T., Sekimoto, M., Amano, H., Wada, K., Kimura, Y., Kiriyama, S., Arata, S., Takeyama, Y., Hirota, M., Hirata, K., Shimosegawa, T. (2010) Assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis according to new prognostic factors and CT grading. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci. 17, 37–44.
<https://doi.org/10.1007/s00534-009-0213-4>
87. , R., Bhattacharrya, A., Rao, B., Sharma, M., Reddy, D. N. (2014a) Clinical utility of the revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis in a prospective cohort: have all loose ends been tied? Pancreatology 14, 257–262.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2014.06.003>
88. , R., Sharma, M., Deka, A., Teslima, S. (2014b) Utility of the “harmless acute pancreatitis score” in predicting a non-severe course of acute pancreatitis: a pilot study in an Indian cohort. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 33, 316–321.
<https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-014-0452-4>
89. , R. K. (2013) Management of acute pancreatitis: Indian guidelines and protocols. API Med. Update 23, 267–270.
90. , W., Zhang, X. M., Xiao, B., Zeng, N. L., Pan, H. S., Feng, Z. S., Xu, X. X. (2011) Magnetic resonance imaging versus Acute Physiology and Chronic Healthy Evaluation II score in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis. Eur. J. Radiol. 80, 637–642.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.08.020>
91. , S. L., Morgan, D. L., Denson, K. D., Lane, M. M., Pennington, L. R. (2005) A comparison of the Ranson, Glasgow, and APACHE II scoring systems to a multiple organ system score in predicting patient outcome in pancreatitis. Am. J. Surg. 189, 219–222.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2004.11.010>
92. , D. A., Bowman, K., Hwang, J., Chin, E. H., Nguyen, S. Q., Divino, C. M. (2009) Selective management of patients with acute biliary pancreatitis. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 13, 2183–2188.
<https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-009-1041-1>
93. , S., Dubner, H., Steinberg, W. (1994) Predicting gallstone pancreatitis with laboratory parameters: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 89, 1863–1866.
94. , S., Baillie, J., DeWitt, J., Vege, S. S.; American College of Gastroenterology (2013) American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 108, 1400–1415.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.218>
95. , R. F. (2012) The revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis: Its importance for the radiologist and its effect on treatment. Radiology 262, 751–764.
<https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11110947>
96. , H. J. (1985) Acute pancreatitis in north and north-east Scotland. J. R. Coll. Surg. Edinb. 30, 104–111.
97. , M., Brooke-Smith, C., Bassi, D., Carr-Locke, J., Telford, P., Freeny, C., Imrie, R., Tandon; Working Party of the Program Committee of the Bangkok World Congress of Gastroenterology (2002) Guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, S15–S39.
<https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1746.17.s1.2.x>
98. , S. L., Kowdley, K. V. (2002) Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 34, 167–176.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200202000-00014>
99. , T., Takeyama, Y., Yasuda, T., Kamei, K., Satoi, S., Sawa, H., Shinzeki, M., Ku, Y., Kuroda, Y., Ohyanagi, H. (2009) Utility of the new Japanese severity score and indications for special therapies in acute pancreatitis. J. Gastroenterol. 44, 453–459.
<https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-009-0026-x>
100. , H. C., Bakker, O. J., Bollen, T. L., Bollen, T. L., Besselink, M. G., Ali, U. A., Schrijver, A. M., Boermeester, M. A., van Goor, H., Dejong, C. H., van Eijck, C. H., van-Ramshorst, B., Schaapherder, A. F., van der Harst, E., Hofker, S., Nieuwenhuijs, V. B., Brink, M. A., Kruyt, P. M., Manusama, E. R., van-der-Schelling, G. P., Karsten, T., Hesselink, E. J., van-Laarhoven, C. J., Rosman, C., Bosscha, K., de-Wit, R. J., Houdijk, A. P., Cuesta, M. A., Wahab, P. J., Gooszen, H. G.; Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group (2011) A conservative and minimally invasive approach to necrotizing pancreatitis improves outcome. Gastroenterology 141, 1254–1263.
<https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.073>
101. , S. S., Gardner, T. B., Chari, S. T., Munukuti, P., Pearson, R. K., Clain, J. E., Petersen, B. T., Baron, T. H., Farnell, M. B., Sarr, M. G. (2009) Low mortality and high morbidity in severe acute pancreatitis without organ failure: A case for revising the Atlanta classification to include “moderately severe acute pancreatitis”. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104, 710–715.
102. , A., Long, B., Koyfman, A., Gottlieb, M. (2018) Acute pancreatitis: Updates for emergency clinicians. J. Emerg. Med. 55, 769–779.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.08.009>
103. , S., Dabrowski, A., Jedynak, M., Gabryelewicz, A. (1998) Oxidative stress as an early prognostic factor in acute pancreatitis (AP): Its correlation with serum phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and plasma polymorphonuclear elastase (PMN-E) in different-severity forms of human AP. Pancreas 17, 163–168.
104. , D. C. (2006) Acute pancreatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 2142–2150.
<https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp054958>
105. , C. M., Kilgore, M. (2009) Cost minimization analysis comparing diagnostic strategies in unexplained pancreatitis. Pancreas 38, 117–121.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0b013e31818ab69c>
106. Working Group IAPAPAAPG (2013) IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 13, e1–15.
107. Working Party of the British Society of Gastroenterology, Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, Pancreatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Association of Upper GI Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (2005) UK guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Gut 54, iii1–iii9 (Suppl. 3).
108. , B. U., Johannes, R. S., Sun, X., Tabak, Y., Conwell, D. L., Banks, P. A. (2008) The early prediction of mortality in acute pancreatitis: a large population-based study. Gut. 57, 1698–1703.
<https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2008.152702>
109. , B. U., Bakker, O. J., Papachristou, G. I., Besselink, M. G., Repas, K., van-Santvoort, H. C., Muddana, V., Singh, V. K., Whitcomb, D. C., Gooszen, H. G., Banks, P. A. (2011) Blood urea nitrogen in the early assessment of acute pancreatitis: an international validation study. Arch. Intern. Med. 171, 669–676.
<https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.126>
110. , D., Agarwal, N., Pitchumoni, C. S. (2002) A critical evaluation of laboratory tests in acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97, 1309–1318.
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05766.x>
111. , M., Takada, T., Mayumi, T., Yoshida, M., Isaji, S., Wada, K., Itoi, T., Sata, N., Gabata, T., Igarashi, H., Kataoka, K., Hirota, M., Kadoya, M., Kitamura, N., Kimura, Y., Kiriyama, S., Shirai, K., Hattori, T., Takeda, K., Takeyama, Y., Hirota, M., Sekimoto, M., Shikat, S., Arata, S., Hirata, K. (2015) Japanese guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis: Japanese guidelines 2015. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci. 22, 405–432.
<https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.259>
112. , K., Adam, S. Z., Keswani, R. N., Horowitz, J. M., Miller, F. H. (2015) Acute pancreatitis: Revised Atlanta classification and the role of cross-sectional imaging. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 205, W32–W41.
<https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.14.14056>
