Prague Med. Rep. 2025, 126, 201-206

https://doi.org/10.14712/23362936.2025.32

Impact of Age and Gender on Mean QT and QTc Intervals Measured with Ambulatory Electrocardiogram Monitoring

Oleksii Skakun1ID, Ihor Vandzhura2ID, Yaroslava Vandzhura2ID, Roksolana Denina2ID

1St. Luke’s Clinic, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
2Department of Internal Medicine No. 2 and Nursing, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine

Received December 4, 2024
Accepted November 21, 2025

References

1. Adabag, S., Gravely, A., Kattel, S., Buelt-Gebhardt, M., Westanmo, A. (2024) QT prolongation predicts all-cause mortality above and beyond a validated risk score. J. Electrocardiol. 83, 1–3. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2023.12.010>
2. Alam, R., Aguirre, A., Stultz, C. M. (2024) Detecting QT prolongation from a single-lead ECG with deep learning. PLOS Digit. Health 3, e0000539. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000539>
3. Annamalai, N., Revathi, M., Palaniappan, A., Rajajeyakumar, M. (2014) Impact of age and gender on QTc interval – A retrospective study. Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Sci. 4, 308–312.
4. Burke, J. H., Ehlert, F. A., Kruse, J. T., Parker, M. A., Goldberger, J. J., Kadish, A. H. (1997) Gender-specific differences in the QT interval and the effect of autonomic tone and menstrual cycle in healthy adults. Am. J. Cardiol. 79, 178–181. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00707-2>
5. Hoek, L. J., Brouwer, J. L. P., Voors, A. A., Maass, A. H. (2023) Smart devices to measure and monitor QT intervals. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 10, 1172666. <https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1172666>
6. Khaleel, Y. M., Al-Selevany, B. K., Mahmood, M. F. (2014) Effect of age and gender on corrected QT interval in healthy adults. J. Bahrain Med. Soc. 25, 24–28. <https://doi.org/10.26715/jbms.p25_6>
7. Khan, J. N., Prasad, N., Glancy, J. M. (2010) QTc prolongation during therapeutic hypothermia: Are we giving it the attention it deserves? Europace 12, 266–270. <https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eup376>
8. Kirac, C. O., Sirikci, V., Findikli, H. A. (2023) Evaluation of the Tpeak-Tend interval as an arrhythmogenicity index in Graves’ disease. Galician Med. J. 30, E202324. <https://doi.org/10.21802/gmj.2023.2.4>
9. Lee, Y. S., Choi, J. W., Bae, E. J., Park, W. I., Lee, H. J., Oh, P. S. (2015) The corrected QT (QTc) prolongation in hyperthyroidism and the association of thyroid hormone with the QTc interval. Korean J. Pediatr. 58, 263–266. <https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2015.58.7.263>
10. Locati, E. T., Bagliani, G., Padeletti, L. (2017) Normal ventricular repolarization and QT interval: Ionic background, modifiers, and measurements. Card. Electrophysiol. Clin. 9, 487–513. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccep.2017.05.007>
11. Lutfullin, I. Y., Kim, Z. F., Bilalova, R. R., Tsibulkin, N. A., Almetova, R. R., Mudarisova, R. R., Ahmetov, I. I. (2013) A 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring in assessment of QT interval duration and dispersion in rowers with physiological myocardial hypertrophy. Biol. Sport 30, 237–241. <https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1077547>
12. Monitillo, F., Leone, M., Rizzo, C., Passantino, A., Iacoviello, M. (2016) Ventricular repolarization measures for arrhythmic risk stratification. World J. Cardiol. 8, 57–73. <https://doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v8.i1.57>
13. Ninkovic, V. M., Ninkovic, S. M., Miloradovic, V., Stanojevic, D., Babic, M., Giga, V., Dobric, M., Trenell, M. I., Lalic, N., Seferovic, P. M., Jakovljevic, D. G. (2016) Prevalence and risk factors for prolonged QT interval and QT dispersion in patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 53, 737–744. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-016-0864-y>
14. Rabkin, S. W. (2015) Impact of age and sex on QT prolongation in patients receiving psychotropics. Can. J. Psychiatry 60, 206–214. <https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371506000502>
15. Rabkin, S. W., Cheng, X. J., Thompson, D. J. (2016) Detailed analysis of the impact of age on the QT interval. J. Geriatr. Cardiol. 13, 740–748.
16. Rautaharju, P. M., Mason, J. W., Akiyama, T. (2014) New age- and sex-specific criteria for QT prolongation based on rate correction formulas that minimize bias at the upper normal limits. Int. J. Cardiol. 174, 535–540. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.133>
17. Rezuş, C., Moga, V. D., Ouatu, A., Floria, M. (2015) QT interval variations and mortality risk: Is there any relationship? Anatol. J. Cardiol. 15, 255–258. <https://doi.org/10.5152/akd.2015.5875>
18. Satpathy, S., Satpathy, S., Nayak, P. K. (2018) Effect of age and gender on QT interval. Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol. 8, 224–227.
19. Schouten, E. G., Dekker, J. M., Meppelink, P., Kok, F. J., Vandenbroucke, J. P., Pool, J. (1991) QT interval prolongation predicts cardiovascular mortality in an apparently healthy population. Circulation 84, 1516–1523. <https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.84.4.1516>
20. Straus, S. M., Kors, J. A., De Bruin, M. L., van der Hooft, C. S., Hofman, A., Heeringa, J., Deckers, J. W., Kingma, J. H., Sturkenboom, M. C., Stricker, B. H., Witteman, J. C. (2006) Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47, 362–367. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.067>
21. TeBay, C., Hill, A. P., Windley, M. J. (2022) Metabolic and electrolyte abnormalities as risk factors in drug-induced long QT syndrome. Biophys. Rev. 14, 353–367. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-022-00929-7>
22. Tsiompanidis, E., Siakavellas, S. I., Tentolouris, A., Eleftheriadou, I., Chorepsima, S., Manolakis, A., Oikonomou, K., Tentolouris, N. (2018) Liver cirrhosis-effect on QT interval and cardiac autonomic nervous system activity. World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol. 9, 28–36. <https://doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v9.i1.28>
23. Utomo, T. P., Nuryanim, N., Nugroho, A. S. (2021) A new automatic QT-interval measurement method for wireless ECG monitoring system using smartphone. J. Biomed. Phys. Eng. 11, 641–652.
24. Viskin, S. (2009) The QT interval: Too long, too short or just right. Heart Rhythm 6, 711–715. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.02.044>
25. Williams, E. S., Thomas, K. L., Broderick, S., Shaw, L. K., Velazquez, E. J., Al-Khatib, S. M., Daubert, J. P. (2012) Race and gender variation in the QT interval and its association with mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: Results from the Duke Databank for Cardiovascular Disease (DDCD). Am. Heart J. 164, 434–441. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2012.05.024>
26. Yavuz, A. Y., Baskurt, O., Kurtulus, Y., Avci, I. (2023) Prognostic significance of prolonged corrected QT interval in cerebral contusion. Indian J. Med. Res. 158, 175–181. <https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3629_21>
27. Yenigun, E. C., Aypak, C., Turgut, D., Aydin, M. Z., Dede, F. (2016) Effect of metabolic acidosis on QT intervals in patients with chronic kidney disease. Int. J. Artif. Organs 39, 272–276. <https://doi.org/10.5301/ijao.5000509>
28. Zhang, Y., Post, W. S., Blasco-Colmenares, E., Dalal, D., Tomaselli, G. F., Guallar, E. (2011) Electrocardiographic QT interval and mortality: A meta-analysis. Epidemiology 22, 660–670. <https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e318225768b>
front cover

ISSN 1214-6994 (Print) ISSN 2336-2936 (Online)

Archive